DUTCH TAXES

Taxes are always complicated. If you have moved to the Netherlands from another country, they can be especially confusing! Many expats carry out business, and therefore earn an income, internationally. This makes what they get taxed on, and by whom, a complex matter. To figure out your own personal tax liability, your residency status and sources of income must be examined in detail. When it comes to which refunds and rebates you are eligible for then your relationships, your benefits and your country of origin will all come into play too. Ultimately, your tax liability will be a cocktail of all these variables! We have gone over which taxes are owed under which circumstances, in the Netherlands, on this page reated in collaboration with Expat Service.

Your Residency Status in the Netherlands

As we said, your tax liability in the Netherlands will depend on your residency status:

1. Those who legally reside in NL are regarded as: ‘resident taxpayers’
2. Those who do not officially reside in NL are considered: ‘non-resident taxpayers’
3. Under certain conditions, however, ‘non-residents’ will also be treated as resident taxpayers
4. Expats who benefit from the 30%-ruling may opt to be treated as ‘partial non-resident taxpayers’. We will explain the potential advantages of having this status later.
   

The tax you have to pay in NL depends on which one of the above categories you fall into. So, let’s go over the particulars of your residency status now:

Are you a Resident of the Netherlands?

Under Dutch law, the question of where a person officially resides is decided ‘according to his or her circumstances’. For you, as an expat, this means that the country with which you hold the closest ties is considered your official place of residence. The following matters are taken into consideration, to determine which country you are most closely tied to:

• Where your home is
• Where your family, partner or spouse resides
• Your place of work
• The length of your stay in the Netherlands
• Other personal ties you have with the Netherlands. These can include club memberships, bank accounts, etc

1. Resident Taxpayers in the Netherlands

If you are a resident taxpayer of the Netherlands, you will owe income tax on your entire, worldwide, income:

• In principle, it makes no difference where in the world you earn your income
• Any business income, employment income, income in the form of periodic benefits and notional investment income is considered taxable!

2. Non-Resident Taxpayers in the Netherlands

If you are a non-resident taxpayer in the Netherlands, you are only liable to pay tax on income you earn from certain sources. This means that non-resident taxpayers in the Netherlands have limited tax liability. The main sources of a non-resident taxpayer’s taxable income are likely to be:

• Running a business
• Employment
• Income from real estate in NL
• Periodic benefits
• A substantial shareholding in a Netherlands company
• Income earnt outside of the Netherlands is also, in principle, taxable

3. ‘Qualified’ Non-Residents, Treated as Resident Taxpayers in NL

You are considered to be a ‘qualified non-resident taxpayer’ if you live in:

• An EU country
• Liechtenstein
• Norway
• Iceland
• Switzerland
• Bonaire
• Sint Eustatius
• Saba

Benefits for Non-Resident Taxpayers

As a qualified non-resident tax payer, you must pay taxes in the Netherlands on more than 90% of your worldwide income. If you do this, you will be entitled to the same perks as a resident of the Netherlands. These include:

• Deductible items
• Tax credits
• Tax-free allowances
• The same conditions apply to your partner

If you pay tax on less than 90% of your worldwide income in NL, you will not be able to benefit from the advantages listed above. You will, for example, be unable to:

• Deduct interest on the loan for an owner-occupied home, on your tax return
• Have official resident taxpayer status

4. Partial Non-Resident Taxpayers

You only have the option to be treated as a partial non-resident taxpayer in the Netherlands if you benefit from the ‘30%-ruling’. As a non-resident taxpayer:

• You are considered a resident of the Netherlands in terms of ‘box 1’. This is a category of Dutch income tax. We will cover ‘tax boxes’ in the section below.
• You will, however, be treated as a non-resident in boxes 2 and 3. These boxes pertain to income earned from work, property, and shareholding.
• Essentially, sometimes being classified as a resident, and sometimes as a non-resident, can save you money in the Netherlands.

The decision to make use of the partial non-resident taxpayer status, needs to be made in the annual income tax return and will need to be made each year. Do note that as of 2025 this benefit no longer exists, but expat that are able to make use of this status, before January 1st, 2024, will still be able to claim this status until 2026.

In the Netherlands, income tax is organized into three categories, or ‘boxes‘. Each box relates to different sources of income. As we explained above, it is your residency status that dictates which boxes of taxes you will have to pay:

Box 1: Income from Work and Home

This box refers to income that comes from the following sources:

• Employment
• Pensions
• Social security benefits
• Business income
• Periodic payments. For example, the alimony you receive
• Income from home ownership. This is referred to as ‘eigenwoningforfait‘ in NL
• Deductibles for which you have to pay less. For example, if you receive mortgage interest
• Alimony payments

The amount of tax you need to pay on the taxable forms of income listed above, is calculated according to progressive Dutch tax rates. The table below illustrates this:

Box 2: Income from Substantial Shareholding

The income you make off shares in a Dutch company will be taxed at 26.9%, if:

• You own at least 5% of the shares in said company, or
• You own at least 5% of the shares in a similar, foreign company that is limited by shares
• This rule still applies if you have joint shares in a company with, for example, your partner

Box 3: Taxable Income from Savings and Investments

In the Netherlands, you will be taxed a notional amount on the income you accrue from your investments. That is, as opposed to being taxed an amount based on the income you gain from them:

• In 2023, this notional income is based on a combined percentage
• The percentage will be between 0.01 and 6.17% depending on the type of assets you have.
  
• How much the percentage will be exactly depends on the total value of your assets, after the deduction of debts and a personal allowance of € 57.000 (this allowance doubles if you have a partner)
• The tax rate will be 32% (this will be 36% as of 2024)
• If you benefit from the 30% ruling, you will not have to declare all the assets that fall under box 3 as part of the partial foreign tax obligation

Now, you will hopefully have an idea of how much tax you will have to pay, and upon which sources of income you will have to pay it. Next, we’ll cover some of the other tax-related matters that apply to expats in NL. There are, for example, certain ways in which you can benefit from the Dutch Tax system, through partnerships, refunds, and rebates.

Benefits of Fiscal Partnership

In the Netherlands, it is possible for fiscal partners to allocate their common sources of income, and deductible items, to one another’s tax return. Here’s how it works, and why it’s worthwhile:

• Common sources of income and deductible items consist of, for example, mortgage interest for a primary.
• Residence, medical expenses or study costs
• These can be re-allocated in a way that allows the partners to reap the maximum financial benefit from them.
• Without fiscal partnership, certain items could end up being deducted against lower tax rates.
• This can result in lower refunds.
• Equally, certain levy rebates could be reduced.

Do you have a Fiscal Partner?

In the Netherlands, married and registered couples are automatically considered fiscal partners. Unmarried couples who are living together are only considered fiscal partners if they are registered at the same address with the municipal registration office. In addition, they must meet at least one of the following conditions:

• Have a civil partnership agreement. This must have been drawn up by a civil law notary. This partnership contract must include a mutual care stipulation
• Have a child together
• Jointly own their principal place of residence
• Be partners in a pension scheme
• Have been fiscal partners the previous year

In the Netherlands, partners are not free to choose whether or not they wish to become fiscal partners. Whether they are or not is determined by Dutch law.

Partnership to Fiscal Partnership

The exact date on which two people become fiscal partners varies in the Netherlands:

• If you and your partner fulfill one of the aforementioned conditions during the course of the fiscal year, you will automatically become fiscal partners on the date you meet said condition
• You and your partner will be considered fiscal partners once you have bought a house together, provided that you were living with one another before purchasing your joint home
• If you and your partner become fiscal partners partway through a fiscal year, you can choose to have this status for the entire year
• Had you and your partner been fiscal partners throughout the preceding year, you will automatically become fiscal partners on January 1 of the following fiscal year

In the Netherlands, the tax year is equivalent to the calendar year. When it comes to an end, the Dutch tax authorities may invite you to file an income tax return. You could be eligible for a tax refund if, for example, you:

• Did not work in the Netherlands for the entire year
• Are eligible to claim certain deductions

If you did not receive an invitation from the tax authorities, you are still allowed to file a tax return yourself. You also have the right to contact a qualified tax advisor to assist you, if you would like some guidance.

Claiming a Tax Refund

It is possible to claim the tax refund you are owed (if you are owed one) before the tax year is over, instead of receiving it after the year is over and you have filed your income tax return. To do this you will need to file a provisional income tax return.
In this return you give estimates of what your tax situation will look like (for example your wages and mortgage interest paid) when you would file the annual return.

Based on these estimations, the outcome of your tax return is calculated, and your provisional tax assessment can be issued. This assessment determines your provisional tax refund. Do note that the authorities, except for rare cases, do not check the provisional returns like they do the annual returns. So, it is very possible that you might make a mistake, which can result in a faulty return. Any differences between the provisional refund and the actual refund you are entitled to, will be settled in the annual return.

Resident Taxpayers: International Treaties

As we explained earlier, expats who are classified as residents of the Netherlands, have to pay tax on their worldwide income. If you are a resident tax payer, beware the hazard of double taxation!

• Income you earn abroad may well be subject to taxation in the country in which it is made, as well as in the Netherlands
• If the Netherlands has entered into a treaty with the foreign country in which you have amassed some income, said treaty will contain clauses that dictate how much tax you owe, and to whom you owe it.

Preventing Double Taxation

If based on tax legislation of multiple nations, your income is considered taxable in these nations, then the tax treaty between those nations will have to be used to determine which country will have the right to tax that income. When it comes to income from employment, the key factor in determining this is usually where the employment is performed. Of course, this may differ from case to case as different nations come to different agreements with the Netherlands in terms of taxation.

Based on your situation, it is very possible that you will still need to report income in a nation, that is not allowed to tax this income. In this case this nation will have to allow you to claim a double taxation relief. This relief will most likely take the form of a deduction, that will include the non-taxable income from taxation.

Resident Taxpayers: Lack of International Treaty

For countries with which the Netherlands has not entered into a tax treaty, there is a unilateral arrangement. It will often be along the following lines:

• Income earned abroad is exempt from taxation in the Netherlands
• It will, however, be taken taken into account when the tax rate on a taxpayer’s other income is being calculated
• This income will be taxed according to the ‘normal’ tax rules in the Netherlands
  
• Any income a taxpayer receives from a property abroad will be taxed in the country in which the property is located

Non-Resident Taxpayers

• As a non-resident taxpayer, you will owe tax in your country of residence on income earned in the Netherlands
• Again, this puts you at risk of double taxation
• You will be subject to the same rules as resident taxpayers in this regard
• Therefore, your tax liability will be dependent upon whether or not the Netherlands has entered into a treaty with the country in which you legally reside